The West Virginia State Treasurer’s Office was established at a Constitutional Convention held in Wheeling in 1863 after the western counties of Virginia split to become West Virginia. The State Treasurer’s Office is one of six constitutionally mandated offices in West Virginia. While the West Virginia Constitution establishes the Office, the functions of the Office are outlined in various sections of West Virginia Code.

The State Treasurer is the chief financial officer for the state and is responsible for overseeing the cash management of West Virginia’s government. These duties include receiving and disbursing state funds; filing and retaining all paid checks and various bonds issued by the state; collecting the crime victim's compensation, law enforcement training, regional jail authority and litter control fund fees; disbursing coal, oil and gas severance taxes, liquor taxes, wine taxes and the fire and casualty insurance premium tax to local government subdivisions; issuing quarterly and annual reports of all state debt; providing safekeeping services; and handling various other banking and accounting functions that deal with state finances.

The State Treasurer is a member of the major financial decision-making boards throughout state government. These boards make decisions that affect all aspects of West Virginia's fiscal policies. Treasurer Moore serves as chairman of the Board of Treasury Investments, the Board of Trustees of the West Virginia College and Jumpstart Savings Programs, and the West Virginia Hope Scholarship Board. Other board memberships include: Agricultural Land Protection Authorities Board of Trustees; Board of Public Works; Board of the School Fund; Consolidated Public Retirement Board; Council of Finance and Administration; Enterprise Resource Planning Board; Higher Education Student Financial Aid Advisory Board; Hospital Finance Authority; Housing Development Fund Board of Directors; Investment Management Board; the Lending and Credit Rate Board; the Municipal Bond Commission; the Purchasing Card Advisory Committee; the Special Reclamation Fund Advisory Council; the Tobacco Settlement Finance Authority; and the West Virginia Economic Development Authority Board of Directors.